Data mining analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism shows geographical differences in the human gut microbiota.

Environmental factors are important for shaping the gut microbiota. In this study, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was performed, and data mining analysis was applied to investigate the geographical differences in the gut microbiota in Japan. A total of 121 healthy individuals living in four different districts (Shiga, Hyogo, Fukuoka and Chiba prefectures) in Japan were enrolled. Their gut microbiota profiles were evaluated by T-RFLP analysis, and data mining analysis using the Classification and Regression Tree (C&RT) approach was performed. Data mining analysis provided a decision tree that clearly identified the various groups of subjects (nodes). Some nodes characterized the subjects from the four geographically distinct regions. Overall, 21 of the 35 subjects from the Hyogo Prefecture were mainly included in Node 21, 11 of the 16 subjects from the Shiga Prefecture were mainly included in Node 19, 37 of 40 subjects from the Chiba Prefecture were mainly included in Node 6 and 28 of 30 subjects from the Fukuoka Prefecture were included in Node 3. Only eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the total 100 OTUs contributed to the characterization of the gut microbiota of the four geographically distinct districts in Japan. Geographical differences in the human gut microbiota were identified in Japan. Data mining analysis appears to be one of the optimal tools for characterization of the human gut microbiota.

Dextran sulfate sodium administered orally is depolymerized in the stomach and induces cell cycle arrest plus apoptosis in the colon in early mouse colitis.

The mechanisms responsible for human inflammatory bowel disease remain poorly understood. The pathogenic factors for dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, one of the experimental animal colitis models, also remain unknown. Furthermore, detailed studies on DSS metabolism in the gut lumen have not been reported. Therefore, we investigated DSS metabolism in the mouse gut lumen and report the mechanisms which induce colitis. DSS was labeled with 2-aminopyridine (pyridylamino-DSS, PA-DSS). PA-DSS was administered orally to male BALB/cA Jcl mice. The metabolites and histological findings were observed using HPLC and light or fluorescence microscopy. PA-DSS with Mr 5000 was depolymerized rapidly in the gastric lumen, and the depolymerized PA-DSS was absorbed in the small intestine. Therefore, the majority of the PA-DSS in the cecal contents returned to Mr 5000 PA-DSS, escaping absorption in the small intestine. Mr 5000 DSS induced severe colitis, and immunostaining using an anti-mouse Ki-67 antibody and the TUNEL assay showed that DSS arrested the cell cycle at the G0 phase and induced apoptosis of the colonic epithelium. Mr 2500 PA-DSS, however, induced these same effects weakly. During these processes, we observed that the epithelial cells can depolymerize DSS themselves. An in vitro study using Caco-2 cells also showed similar effects. Mr 5000 DSS was depolymerized in the gut lumen and epithelial cells. Therefore, the molecular mass distribution of the DSS differed between each part in the lumen. As an early stage event, DSS induced colitis through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis according to its molecular mass.

Combination of enprostil and cimetidine is more effective than cimetidine alone in treating gastric ulcer: prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Little is known about the clinical efficacy of co-therapy of enprostil, a prostaglandin E2 analogue, with a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. We aimed to assess the additive benefit of enprostil in combination with cimetidine for treating gastric ulcer in a prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial. METHODOLOGY: In 43 hospitals 171 intention-to-treat (ITT) patients, diagnosed as having gastric ulcer by endoscopy, were randomly allocated to receive either enprostil 25microg b.i.d. and cimetidine 400mg b.i.d. (Group E=85), or cimetidine 400mg b.i.d. alone (Group C=86) for 8 weeks. Healing was examined by endoscopy at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Per protocol (PP) analysis comprised 166 patients (E=82, C=84). Despite no significant advantage at 4 weeks (E=55.3%, C=42.2%), the combination yielded higher healing rates at 8 weeks by ITT (E=89.4%, C=68.6%; p<0.001) and PP analysis (E=92.7%, C=70.2%; p<0.001). Symptom relief rates [E, C] at 2, 4, and 8 weeks were [80.2%, 68.3%] (not significant), [97.4%, 88.3%] (p<0.05), and [95.6%, 87.0%] (p<0.05), respectively. Significant advantage was observed in the patients aged 40 or older, with solitary ulcer (>5mm in diameter), and without smoking or drinking habits. No adverse effects were critical. CONCLUSIONS: Enprostil safely and significantly augmented gastric ulcer healing and symptom relief by cimetidine.

Bile acid modulates transepithelial permeability via the generation of reactive oxygen species in the Caco-2 cell line.

The barrier functions in epithelial and endothelial cells seem to be very important for maintaining normal biological homeostasis. However, it is unclear whether or how bile acids affect the epithelial barrier. We examined the bile acid-induced disruption of the epithelial barrier. We measured the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cells as a marker of disruption of the epithelial barrier. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also measured. Cholic acid (CA) decreased the TEER and increased intracellular ROS generation. PLA2 (phospholipase A2), COX (cyclooxygenase), PKC (protein kinase), ERK 1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2), PI 3 K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase), MLCK (myosin light-chain kinase), NADH dehydrogenase, and XO (xanthine oxidase) inhibitors or ROS scavengers prevented the CA-induced TEER decrease. PLA2, COX, PKC, NADH dehydrogenase, and XO inhibitors prevented the CA-induced ROS generation but not ERK 1/2, PI 3 K, p38 MAPK, and MLCK inhibitors. If the cells were treated with ROS generators such as superoxide dismutase, the TEER decreased. ERK 1/2, PI 3 K, p38 MAPK, and MLCK inhibitors prevent these ROS generators from inducing the TEER decrease. These results suggest that ROS play an important role. In addition, PLA2, COX, PKC, NADH dehydrogenase, and XO are located upstream of the ROS generation, but ERK 1/2, PI 3 K, p38 MAPK, and MLCK are downstream during the signaling of CA-induced TEER alterations.

Leukocytapheresis in ulcerative colitis: results of a multicenter double-blind prospective case-control study with sham apheresis as placebo treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Leukocytapheresis (LCAP) is a method of therapeutic apheresis that removes peripheral leukocytes. Previous studies showed that in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), LCAP was more effective than high-dose steroid therapy, and it had few adverse effects. We investigated LCAP in a multicenter study using active and sham devices in a double-blind study in order to elucidate the placebo effect of extracorporeal treatment including anticoagulant medication. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with active UC of severe or moderately severe grade were enrolled and assigned to the active group or the sham group. Six patients were excluded from the study and 19 (10 in the active group and nine in the sham group) were evaluated. LCAP (treatment using an active device or a sham device) was performed once a week for 5 wk, followed by two additional sessions during the next 4 wk at 2-wk intervals. Steroids and other medications were continued at the same dosage for 4 wk, which included a 2-wk pre-observation period and the first 2 wk after the start of the LCAP treatment. New medications or increase in the dosage of previous medication were prohibited until evaluation was conducted. RESULTS: The clinical activity index (CAI) value of UC, indicated that the active group showed a significantly greater improvement (80%, 8/10) than the sham group (33%, 3/9; p<0.05). Adverse effects were observed in five patients (one in the active group and four in the sham group). None of these effects was severe and none of the sessions was terminated as a consequence of the adverse effects. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that LCAP is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with active UC.

The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease.

Because intestinal microflora play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is currently some interest in alternating the composition of the microflora toward a potentially more remedial community. This paper summarizes the clinical and experimental efficacy of the manipulation of microflora by the use of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics in IBD. Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic whose unique characteristics make it highly suitable for applications in IBD. It also helps prolong remission in remissive ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and also attenuates clinical activity in non-remissive UC patients. GBF has shown to be converted into a preferential nutrient, butyrate, for colonocytes through the action of Eubacterium and Bifidobacterium, and this bacterial butyrate can provide anti-inflammatory effects. The probiotic approaches for IBD include VSL#3, Nissle1917, Clostridium butyricum, and Bifidobacterium-fermented milk. In this paper, we summarize the distinctive role of another probiotic, Eubacterium limosum (E. limosum), which is a commensal microorganism that is promoted by GBF administration. The metabolites of E. limosum included butyrate, which can accelerate intestinal epithelial growth and inhibit IL-6 production. This new probiotic approach may be useful as an adjunctive IBD treatment in the future. Although these strategies hold great promise and appear to be useful in some settings, more experimental and clinical studies are needed to firmly establish their relevance.

Hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous hot saline injection.

Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEI) is one of the local methods widely used for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ablation. However, this method is limited by the toxicity of ethanol and severe pain derived from irritation of the peritoneum of the liver capsule. Therefore, we have focused on the heat coagulation necrosis effect of boiled hot saline and devised percutaneous hot water injection therapy (PHoT) as a new local treatment method. PHoT was performed in 17 patients with HCC (total 24 nodules: 11 nodules <2 cm in diameter, 10 nodules from 2-4 cm, and 3 nodules >4 cm). Changes in the AFP values, and both CT and ultrasonography (US) findings before and after treatment were investigated. All 24 tumors received 1 or more treatments (average, 3.3 treat-ments) of PHoT. The injection volume ranged from 3-26 ml (average, 11.2 ml). The total volume of the injection per tumor ranged from 10-37.2 ml (average, 37.2 ml). The AFP values decreased in all patients who initially showed high values. On CT scanning, all lesions receiving PHoT became hypodense. The disappearance of the tumor was also confirmed by contrast-enhanced CT. No severe complications, excluding mild abdominal pain and skin burning, were observed during the procedure. In conclusion, PHoT shows good anti-tumor effects despite a small number of punctures and holds promise as a curative local treatment method for small HCCs.

Germinated barley foodstuff prolongs remission in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) is a prebiotic which increases luminal butyrate production by modulating the microfloral distribution. GBF has been shown to reduce both clinical activity and mucosal damage in active ulcerative colitis (UC) with mild to moderate activity. However, the efficacy of GBF in patients with UC during the remission stage is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of GBF as a maintenance therapy in patients with UC while in remission. Fifty-nine patients with UC in remission according to Rachmilewitz's clinical activity index (CAI) score of

Neutralization of interleukin-17 aggravates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.

We evaluated the effects of rat anti-mouse IL-17 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Tissue samples were evaluated by standard immunohistochemical procedure. The mucosal mRNA expression of cytokines was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the mice treated with the anti-IL-17 mAb, the body weight was significantly lower, and anal prolapse and colon shortening were apparent. A histological analysis indicated that the anti-IL-17 mAb markedly enhanced the severity of colitis. The mucosal infiltration of CD4-positive helper T cells and CD11b-positive granulocytes-monocytes was increased in the anti-IL-17 mAb-treated mice. Treatment with the anti-IL-17 mAb increased the mucosal expression of mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-6, RANTES, and IP-10. Blocking of IL-17 activity in vivo using the anti-IL-17 mAb enhanced the development of DSS-colitis in mice. This suggests an inhibitory role for IL-17 in the development of DSS-colitis.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion in human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the proteases involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. MMP-1 is thought to be one of the key enzymes in fibrolysis, a process closely related to tissue remodeling. In the present study, we investigated MMP-1 secretion from human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. We also attempted to clarify the intracellular signaling pathways mediating the cytokine-induced MMP-1 secretion. MMP-1 secretion was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-1 molecules were analyzed by Western blotting. MMP-1 mRNA expression was evaluated by Northern blotting. IL-1l and TNF-alpha stimulated the MMP-1 secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ninety percent of MMP-1 was secreted as inactive form (pro-MMP-1). The effects of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were significantly inhibited by PD98059 MEK/ERK inhibitor). In contrast, SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), GF109203X (PKC inhibitor), and PDTC (NF-kappaB inhibitor) did not alter the MMP-1 secretion induced by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. These effects were also observed at them RNA level. In conclusion, in human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts, MMP-1 secretion was regulated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines via the MEK/ERK cascade. Thus, human pancreatic periacinar myofibroblasts may play an important role in the remodeling of damaged pancreatic tissue in chronic pancreatitis via MMP-1 secretion.

Treatment of ulcerative colitis patients by long-term administration of germinated barley foodstuff: multi-center open trial.

Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF), which mainly consists of dietary fiber and glutamine-rich protein, is a prebiotic for ulcerative colitis (UC). In our previous study, we carried out a clinical trial of GBF with mildly to moderately active UC patients and showed that GBF treatment was able to attenuate the symptoms of UC in a relatively short-term. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of long-term administration of GBF in the treatment of UC in a multi-center open trial. Twenty-one patients with mildly to moderately active UC received 20-30 g of GBF for 24 weeks in an open-label protocol while baseline treatments (5-amino-salicyrate compounds and/or steroids) were continued. The response to the GBF treatment was evaluated using a clinical scoring and after 24 weeks of observation, the GBF group showed a significant decrease in clinical activity index (especially, the degree of visible blood in stools and the presence of nocturnal diarrhea) compared with the control group (p<0.05). No side effects related to GBF were observed. In conclusion, GBF can reduce the clinical activity of UC over long-term as well as short-term administration. Nutraceutical GBF therapy may have a place in long-term management of UC, but controlled studies are needed to demonstrate its efficacy in the treatment of this disorder.

Combination therapy of ecabet sodium and cimetidine compared with cimetidine alone for gastric ulcer: prospective randomized multicenter study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Little is known about the clinical efficacy of co-therapy of ecabet sodium, a mucoprotective agent, and a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. The aim of the present study was to assess its additive benefit in combination with cimetidine for gastric ulcer. METHODS: In this prospective randomized study, after gastric ulcer was confirmed by endoscopy, 200 patients in 47 hospitals received either ecabet sodium 1 g b.i.d and cimetidine 400 mg b.i.d. (EC), or cimetidine 400 mg b.i.d. alone (C) for 8 weeks. Healing was examined by endoscopy at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Of the intention-to-treat (ITT) population (EC, 103; C, 97), 181 patients comprised the per protocol (PP) analysis (EC, 93; C, 88). At 4 weeks, healing rates were significantly higher in the EC group (60%) than in the C group (36%) ( p < 0.01). At 8 weeks, those by the ITT and PP analyses were 82% (EC) versus 58% (C), and 90% (EC) versus 64% (C), respectively ( p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Symptom relief rates (EC vs C) at 2, 4 and 8 weeks were 73%versus 47% ( p < 0.01), 89%versus 66% ( p < 0.001), and 97%versus 73% ( p < 0.001), respectively. Significant additive effects of ecabet sodium were observed in patients aged 60 years or older, with solitary and medium to large ulcer, and without smoking or drinking habits. No adverse effects were critical. CONCLUSION: Ecabet sodium significantly augmented gastric ulcer healing and symptom relief by cimetidine, especially in the elderly.

Matrix metalloproteinase-3 secretion from human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts: role of interleukin-17.

BACKGROUND: Subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs) play a role in extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism in the colon. In this study, we investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 secretion in colonic SEMFs. METHODS: MMP-3 secretion and MMP-3 mRNA expression were determined by Western and Northern blotting, respectively. The secretion of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: In human colonic SEMFs, MMP-3 secretion and MMP-3 mRNA expression were induced by IL-17, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha. The effect of IL-17 was observed, but this was weak as compared with those induced by IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. A c-Jun/activating protein-1 (AP-1) inhibitor, curcumin, reduced the IL-17-, IL-1beta-, and TNF-alpha-induced MMP-3 mRNA expression, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors (U0126, PD098059, and SB203580) also blocked MMP-3 secretion. There findings indicate a role for AP-1 and MAP kinases in cytokine-induced MMP-3 secretion. Furthermore, costimulation by IL-17 + IL-1beta and by IL-17 + TNF-alpha induced a marked increase in MMP-3 secretion. The costimulatory effects of these combinations were also observed for TIMP-1 mRNA expression and TIMP-1 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic SEMFs actively secreted MMP-3 in response to IL-17, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha. This was coupled with TIMP-1 secretion. Colonic SEMFs may play an important role in ECM turnover via MMP secretion.

MALT lymphoma at the base of the tongue developing without any background of immunodeficiency or autoimmune disease.

We report a very rare case of a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the base of the tongue. A 61-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for further examination of a 12 mm x 15 mm x 5 mm tongue tumor. Histological examination of the tumor revealed a marked lymphoepithelial lesion. Lymphoma cells expressed CD5(-), CD10(-), CD19(+), CD20(+) on the surface of the cells by fluorescence activated cell sorter, and the genotypic analysis of the tumor cells revealed the presence of immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement and the absence of BCL-2 gene rearrangement by southern blot hybridization. Furthermore, neither the t(11;18) (q21;q21) translocation nor trisomy 3 was detected in lymphoma cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization method. The tongue tumor was completely resected and no recurrence has been noted in the 13 months to date.

A novel diamino-pyridine derivative (IS-741) attenuates rat ileitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid.

BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remain unknown. However, neutrophil infiltration into the inflammatory lesion is an important process in inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we used rat trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) ileitis as a Crohn's disease model, and investigated the effects of oral IS-741 (which inhibits the expression of Mac-1, a cell adhesion molecule) on leukocyte-endothelial interactions. METHODS: Rat ileitis was induced by the intraluminal injection of a TNBS solution (160 mg/kg in 50% ethanol) at a site 10 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The rats then received oral IS-741 (50 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days. On the day 8 after the initial administration of IS-741 or saline, we determined the visible damage score, and assessed myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Concentrations of cytokines in the ileum, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also investigated the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and Mac-1 positive cells by histological examinations. RESULTS: The administration of IS-741 resulted in a significant reduction of the visible damage score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and mucosal IL-8 levels in the ileum as compared with the saline administration. IS-741 also dramatically reduced the infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells and Mac-1 positive cells into the inflamed lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the oral administration of IS-741 inhibits neutrophil infiltration into inflamed lesions, and is effective for attenuating rat TNBS ileitis. This new anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Effects of the soluble fibre pectin on intestinal cell proliferation, fecal short chain fatty acid production and microbial population.

AIM: Although pectin, a dietary fibre, has been suggested to possess some trophic effects on the intestine, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pectin on rat intestinal cell proliferation and the intraluminal environment. METHODS: Control and pectin-fed rats were given a fibre-free elemental diet (ED) and an ED containing 2.5% pectin, respectively. On the 15th day, the length, weight and number of Ki-67-positive cells from each intestinal segment, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbial population in the caecum were measured. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) concentration and GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) mRNA levels in the epithelium were also determined. RESULTS: Pectin supplementation resulted in significant increases in the length, weight, and number of Ki-67-positive cells in the ileum, caecum and colon. Although pectin supplementation did not affect the caecal microbial flora that produced SCFAs, the caecal SCFA content was significantly increased. Pectin supplementation also induced an increase in the plasma GLP-2 concentration, but did not affect the GLP-2R mRNA levels in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS: The increases in the caecal SCFAs and plasma GLP-2 levels induced by pectin supplementation may cause mucosal proliferation in the lower intestinal tract.

Alterations in the DNA binding activity of transcriptional factors activator protein-1, Sp1, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 in rat jejunum during starvation and refeeding.

BACKGROUND: The molecular processes leading to mucosal atrophy, regrowth, and functional changes with starvation and refeeding are largely unknown. There are many transcriptional factors that might be related to mucosal atrophy and proliferation. In contrast, we previously reported that H+/peptide transporter and aminopeptidase N messenger RNA in the intestinal mucosa were upregulated during starvation. Therefore, we selected and studied three transcriptional factors: activator protein (AP)-1, Sp1, and hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1, which not only play important roles for enterocytes proliferation, but also exist in promoter lesions of the brush border enzymes and peptide transporter. METHODS: In the present study, we performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays employing AP-1, Sp1, and HNF-1, and evaluated the changes in the DNA binding activities in rat jejunum during starvation and refeeding. RESULTS: Two days after starvation, the Sp1 binding activity was significantly decreased to 61.8% as compared with the control level, whereas AP-1 was 121.4% and HNF-1 was 77.5%. Two hours after refeeding, the AP-1 activity was significantly increased to 175.0% as compared with the control level, and the HNF-1 activity was significantly increased to 180.2%. In contrast, the decreased SP1 level did not recover until 24 h after refeeding. CONCLUSIONS: The DNA binding activities of these three transcriptional factors were significantly changed in the rat jejunum during starvation and refeeding. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional regulations associated with mucosal atrophy, regrowth, and functional changes of the jejunal epithelium in response to starvation and refeeding.

Nutritional benefits of enteral alanyl-glutamine supplementation on rat small intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide.

BACKGROUND: Glutamine is the principal fuel used by the small intestine. Although the parental administration of glutamine promotes intestinal mucosal growth, it is controversial whether enteral glutamine is effective against small intestinal damage caused by chemotherapy. To further evaluate the benefits of enteral supplementation, peptide and amino acid transporter functions must be considered. METHOD: Rats were given cyclophosphamide (CPM) intraperitoneally (300 mg/kg). Expression of the amino acid transporter, B0 and peptide transporter (PepT1) in the jejunal mucosa was initially examined by northern blot analysis. Rats received a bolus oral supplement of an alanine (1.22 g/kg/day) plus glutamine (2.0 g/kg/day) mixture, alanyl-glutamine (2.972 g/kg/day) or saline as a control, for 7 days after CPM administration. RESULTS: Levels of B0 mRNA remained unchanged at both 3 and 7 days after CPM administration. Conversely, PepT1 mRNA increased significantly after CPM administration, and reached 200% of the initial level 7 days later. In rats given alanyl-glutamine, the mucosal wet weight and protein content increased significantly with increasing villus height at 3 and 7 days, compared with the alanine plus glutamine mixture. The plasma glutamine concentration in the alanyl-glutamine group, but not the alanine plus glutamine mixture group, increased significantly compared with that in the saline group. CONCLUSION: Enteral supplementation with an alanyl-glutamine but not alanine plus glutamine mixture prevents intestinal damage, as demonstrated by increased peptide transport expression and an elevated plasma glutamine concentration after CPM administration.

Rapid absorption of luminal polyamines in a rat small intestine ex vivo model.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Not only biosynthesis, but also uptake from the intestinal lumen, are important polyamine sources. However, there has been no information regarding dynamic polyamine transport in the small intestine. We evaluated polyamine uptake from the small intestine using a rat ex vivo model. METHODS: The organ block consisting of the small intestine and blood vessels was used. The isolated small intestine was placed in a warmed saline bath and perfused in a non-circulating manner via the superior mesenteric artery. Radio-labeled putrescine, spermidine or spermine (7.4 x 104 Bq), with 1.0 mL of phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) was instilled into the jejunal lumen for 1 min. Blood samples from the portal vein were collected and sample radioactivity was determined. In another experiment, an immunohistochemical study of polyamine was performed. RESULTS: After 14C-polyamine instillation, radioactivity in the portal vein samples immediately increased and then decreased gradually. The absorptive pattern did not differ among the three polyamines. The recovery rates from radioactivity at the portal vein among the three polyamines were approximately 61-76% during the initial 10 min after the administration of 14C-polyamine, and were not different from each other. Aminoguanidine, which inhibits putrescine degradation, significantly suppressed initial putrescine uptake and recovery percentage. The intraluminal administration of spermine caused an increase in the immunoreactivity of the spermine antibody in the intestinal villi. CONCLUSION: Luminal polyamines were rapidly absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and then subsequently transferred into the portal vein using a rat ex vivo model. The prior administration of aminoguanidine significantly inhibited initial putrescine transport into the portal vein.